HOW TO CALCULATE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL ON SITE?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="How to calculate safe bearing capacity of soil on site" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2200" height="224" src="http://civilblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/How-to-calculate-safe-bearing-capacity-of-soil-on-site.jpg" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; float: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 1em auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="HOW TO CALCULATE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL ON SITE?" width="448" /></div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">This simple and quick field test will give you a rough idea of bearing capacity of soil.</div><h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #00ccff; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PROCEDURE</span></h2><ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin: 1.5em 0px 1.571em 1.9em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Excavate a pit of required depth. (preferably equal to the depth of foundation)</li><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Take a solid ball or square cube of known weight and dimension.</li><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Drop the ball or square cube several times, from a known height on to the bottom surface of excavated pit.</li><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Calculate the average depth of impression made several times on the bottom surface of the excavated pit. Let “d” is the average depth of impression.</li></ol><h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #00ccff; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CALCULATION</span></strong></h2><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Calculate the ultimate resistance of soil ( R ) using the formula given below.</div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">R = (w * h) / d</strong></div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Where,</div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">R = Ultimate resistance of soil (in kg)</div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">d = Average depth of impression (in cm)</div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">w = Weight of the solid ball or square cube (in kg)</div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h = Height of fall of solid ball or cube (in cm)</div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">If “A” is the cross-sectional area of the solid steel ball or cube, then resistance of soil per unit area is calculated using following formula.</div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Resistance of soil per unit area (in kg/cm<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>) = R / A</div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Safe bearing capacity (in kg/cm<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>) = R / (A * F.O.S)</div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Where,</div><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">F.O.S = Factor of safety</div><h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">NOTES TO REMEMBER</span></h3><ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin: 1.5em 0px 1.571em 1.9em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">F.O.S varies from 2 to 3 depending upon the type of structure and site condition.</li><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In order to get reliable test result, perform this test on different types of soil and then use your judgment to reach at any conclusion.</li><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Instead of using solid steel ball or square cube, we can also use CBR test plunger, or Cone (used for cone penetration test)</li></ol><h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #00ccff; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PRESUMPTIVE BEARING CAPACITY</span></strong></h2><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The table given below shows the presumptive bearing capacity values for different types of soils. This table will guide you to reach at any conclusion after conducting the test.</div><table style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 621px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Type of Soil / Rock</strong></td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Safe / Allowable Bearing Capacity (kg/cm<span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span>)</strong></td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Rock</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">32.40</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Soft rock</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">4.40</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Coarse sand</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">4.40</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Medium sand</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">2.45</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Fine sand</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">4.40</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Soft shell / Stiff clay</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">1.00</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Soft clay</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">1.00</td></tr><tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">Very soft clay</td><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 7px 15px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="399">0.50</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">NOTES TO REMEMBER</span></h3><ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: 'Droid Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin: 1.5em 0px 1.571em 1.9em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For non-cohesive soils the values should be reduced by 50% if the water table is above or near base of footing.</li><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">These values should be used only for preliminary design. The actual bearing capacity of soil should be calculated as per the standard codes.</li></ol><div><span style="color: #555555; font-family: Droid Sans, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 23px;">Main post from: http://civilblog.org/</span></span></div></div>

HOW TO CALCULATE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL ON SITE?

This simple and quick field test will give you a rough idea of bearing capacity of soil. PROCEDURE Excavate a pit of required depth. (prefer...

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Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation.

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">The load-bearing wall of a single-storey building is to be supported on a wide reinforced strip foundation.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">A site investigation has revealed loose-to-medium granular soils from ground level to some considerable depth. The soil is variable with a safe bearing capacity ranging from 75–125 kN/m2. Also some soft spots were identified, where the bearing capacity could not be relied upon.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">The building could be supported on ground beams and piles taken down to a firm base, but in this case the solution chosen is to design a wide reinforced strip foundation  capable of spanning across a soft area of nominal width. </span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">To minimize differential settlements and allow for the soft areas, the allowable bearing pressure will be limited to n</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">a</span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> = 50 kN/m2 throughout. Soft spots encountered during construction will be removed and replaced with lean mix concrete; additionally, the footing will be designed to span 2.5 m across anticipated depressions. This value has been derived from the guidance for local depressions given later on raft foundations. The ground floor slab is designed to be suspended, although it will be cast using the ground as permanent formwork.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Loadings</b></i></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKMR4JKG7eqyI2DH1bhTPsOAq8JZxuoPhZ7Re87gF0dON3ZNDBJgESxoP4-WEPI-jROEnJF1g6NpiADLBISRLD16JqYUth5UMmftv0Al_1xmICtA5h7MFbgs3-bMZ1ORQ9tgNvkDXaEVn2/s1600/38.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." /></span></div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">If the foundations and superstructure are being designed  to limit state principles, loads should be kept as separate</span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><u style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </u></span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">unfactored characteristic dead and imposed values (as above), both for foundation bearing pressure design and for serviceability checks. The loads should then be factored up for the design of individual members at the ultimate limit state as usual.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">For foundations under dead and imposed loads only,  factoring up loads for reinforcement design is best done  by selecting an average partial load factor, γP, to cover both dead and imposed superstructure loads from</span><b style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> Fig. 11.22</b><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> (this is a copy of </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCyPqNZWQ-_ugSDaO8Et0WjdnvouZqjLGMViP6w2UHSvSxUGLqL8kVf6XtxEjKTyz50MTa_gVGF7G3JsrFTW_ftFsaCQp9CNWQtVYl6kVYfZT1mLf2nQaxUM08n2khH6jfkBuzJL6S3_nA/s1600/35.gif" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fig. 11.20</b> Reinforced concrete strip design conditions.</a><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">).</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 5px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center;"><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3LDQ4GIpVSj0Q-t-OTKdduc5remGz1xJ7-c6I12BoQ9Kfgaqrjgqod1ViUkmqlcII4b90mcwPW3DIq1b8g5kf7eP8f7stjDs7LfOLTfvneQsx28jxBS51B1xgiuH1_Ac0pSi_3mPgFTB0/s1600/48.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Combined partial safety factor for dead + imposed loads." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3LDQ4GIpVSj0Q-t-OTKdduc5remGz1xJ7-c6I12BoQ9Kfgaqrjgqod1ViUkmqlcII4b90mcwPW3DIq1b8g5kf7eP8f7stjDs7LfOLTfvneQsx28jxBS51B1xgiuH1_Ac0pSi_3mPgFTB0/s1600/48.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Combined partial safety factor for dead + imposed loads." /></span></a></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td class="tr-caption" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 9.60000038146973px; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fig. 11.22</b> Combined partial safety factor for dead + imposed loads.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpWP76rrmStUfnWRGZnmuAzTkeF_zYqRBwJWbvPTl8pmtomsB5fz4yZOELvoKVC4eece0T1v0V6aC-HpgfUgIIkvsO3xlnKIijFfPPELkC6UYnXmwZ3KjDzewimwMsEWOxbrbkxLnkHIwz/s1600/39.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin: 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpWP76rrmStUfnWRGZnmuAzTkeF_zYqRBwJWbvPTl8pmtomsB5fz4yZOELvoKVC4eece0T1v0V6aC-HpgfUgIIkvsO3xlnKIijFfPPELkC6UYnXmwZ3KjDzewimwMsEWOxbrbkxLnkHIwz/s1600/39.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></a></div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">From </span><b style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Fig. 11.22</b><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">, the combined partial safety factor for superstructure loads is γ</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">P</span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> = 1.46.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Weight of base and backfill, f = average density × depth</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">                                             = 20 × 0.9</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">                                             = 18.0 kN/m2</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">This is all dead load, thus the combined partial load factor for foundation loads, γ</span><span style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">F</span><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"> = 1.4.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sizing of foundation width</b></i><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">New ground levels are similar to existing ones, thus the (weight of the) new foundation imposes no additional  surcharge, and may be ignored.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">The minimum foundation width is given by </span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpK9krp56K-R8n9chkd-T7F5I8dmQaYxZzUPng_9wRGxDj_Gz8mdtV5r8q41Xf3b2D-GfIJUn_jeZGGOpoWzxtnHYMZQXoiF7WicLOxGg0h7My5VsZHKfvm9dFbbEfwap-6jvebANMIj8I/s1600/40.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Adopt a 1.2 m wide × 350 mm deep reinforced strip foundation, using grade 35 concrete (</span><b style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">see Fig. 11.23</b><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">).</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSqzibeZAaI3ZDXyE0LTJnQ03Rk6i0ZWOznsBpG2Sb9tNCb69-ZdNW3QkW0G4emu1AKx_bV3IvAHuxUYdcA7iGLrMiyMSsZOyawowdhHFYrHRwjxPxiFB8Fdk9pFKTcMC9mgC5Hfvv7zp1/s1600/49.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." /></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Fig. 11.23</b> Reinforced strip foundation design example – loads and bearing pressures.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Reactive upwards design pressure for lateral reinforcement design </b></i></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7hPpCSlFMbKqzzqjMVrCkfQhxHmp_zyONnWlKv85IUZ4LV8UusF-WTHYVeUa-8KKoL-_WRGihdKj9OiFaTj1RmRb6b9KEkNmZ84j9wXXVbhRlpLxUCvpJzpIiTbUZAjVesAXVOCet38SX/s1600/41.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." /></span></div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lateral bending and shear</b></i><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">b = 1000 mm.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimm-o7uooTyBN1CXdwM2V2FcWxgjonDwZs6Nb8l-e-rZQURD1zeFtJn2WwMBzfP8YU69x4VxmdthS5fUIftfRflgP0NmlWw4fTk9l4GEIh7v5E9W6YhRTGNkNuoPmlNYuDOFPFnMpSF2dy/s1600/42.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyU05MCjcdVxMrG84Fqobs_eGsWBbId4xDfdbl_vhb0zhywqFj0dJNtUh85etgCqtyt61KG1qF-WstJbGStuESYb-AzESDNSb04GqD-0WCOejulUxE-2-8w8Bt5JoK5wTEoE2Q7OARdP-N/s1600/44.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." /></span></div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Thus vu < vc , therefore no shear reinforcement is required.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Loading for spanning over depressions</b></i><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Where a local depression occurs, the foundation is acting like a suspended slab. The ultimate load causing bending and shear in the foundation is the total load i.e. superstructure load + foundation load, which is given by</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfHQw2Cy_9h7kohOK6ImzwVcaH5yYNK2__IidZYDlodYWcQQjnHLik62RKtcoeUGdTEF262orXa9IGx7QYV_XL7jXkS6e30-lxLIjOVE9yqLOxZwPKEcz-Clme-c-ZlTtzHgDlaAdhqCBU/s1600/45.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Longitudinal bending and shear due to depressions</b></i><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Ultimate moment due to foundation spanning – assumed simply supported – over a 2.5 m local depression is</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVCVNivQOEJSp9frqXpOQXKknJcEziAF78q_pXslA_xNRvp0eWMkM3uhZShntNfAcSWmHXNgJFbdqcy2JK-2aZ6DqFR_600xiZ0W2KkBDq3P412B0DLudHoPw31tc6V49RziP0apWjjfvF/s1600/46.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Width for reinforcement design is b = B = 1200 mm.</span></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV4jv5D6COTp3QIKu0DUOnnjGYlCiDIVYqTcEX6l9RKkKOK74RqhTXFIDuMcMhXtAkHxO4yoLI6SWTwCn9e9ZLoIXN3Pe8dk269iDeqGGo7Pz038FWdHpPZ3arVXkx4Bnid5dS3tdPNNWJ/s1600/47.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation." /></span></div><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Thus vu < vc = 0.49 N/mm2, therefore no shear reinforcement is needed.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><i style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Depression at corner of building</b></i><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">The previous calculations have assumed that the depression is located under a continuous strip footing. The</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">depression could also occur at the corner of a building where two footings would meet at right angles. A similar calculation should then be carried out, to provide top reinforcement for both footings to cantilever at these corners.</span><br style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmwEv3QSbO-cw8kv2rNDYHtgdwhERNSM7_ZqgYqwFfOBP-sZEnmm1cpNs4jvl-8-btqTfl9uUvma3n3wcFFshynqWkY7Sk9aUK3W0c6xa2SR8CynhPrKbgn3nWsJ_umruPQ_2SFsF5tmCU/s320/50.gif" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fig. 11.24</b> Reinforced strip footing design example – reinforcement.</span></span></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main post </span></span><span style="font-size: 11.9999990463257px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.abuildersengineer.com/</span></span></div></div>

Design Example: Reinforced Strip Foundation.

The load-bearing wall of a single-storey building is to be supported on a wide reinforced strip foundation. A site investigation has reveale...

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Structural Engineer Pocket Book Pdf download

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="clear: left; color: #444444; float: left; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Structural Engineer Pocket Book Pdf download" src="http://i.imgur.com/fUjmaK4.jpg" title="source: imgur.com" /></span><br /><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Structural engineering</b> is a field of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">engineering</span> dealing with the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">analysis</span> and design of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">structures</span> that support or resist <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">loads.</span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Structural engineers</span> are most commonly involved in the design of buildings and large <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nonbuilding structures</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IStructE_2-0" style="font-size: 11.1999998092651px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; white-space: nowrap;">[</span>2]</sup> but they can also be involved in the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">design</span> of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">machinery</span>, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">medical equipment</span>, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">vehicles</span> or any item where structural integrity affects the item's function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design criteria, predicated on safety (i.e. structures must not collapse without due warning) or serviceability and performance (i.e. building sway must not cause discomfort to the occupants).</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Structural engineering theory is based upon applied <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">physical laws</span> and <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">empirical</span> knowledge of the structural performance of different materials and geometries. Structural engineering design utilizes a number of simple <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">structural elements</span> to build complex <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">structural systems</span>. Structural engineers are responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials to achieve these goals.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div></div></div><a href="https://userscloud.com/6lagajscqxo7" target="_blank">structural-engineer's-pocket-book.pdf - 2.1 MB</a> </div>

Structural Engineer Pocket Book Pdf download

Structural engineering  is a field of  engineering  dealing with the  analysis  and design of  structures  that support or resist  loads. St...

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ওয়াটার সিমেন্ট রেশিও থেকে স্লাম্প টেস্টের মান

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <a href="http://imgur.com/wR0ECHZ" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ওয়াটার সিমেন্ট রেশিও থেকে স্লাম্প টেস্টের মান" height="640" src="http://i.imgur.com/wR0ECHZ.png?1" title="ওয়াটার সিমেন্ট রেশিও থেকে স্লাম্প টেস্টের মান" width="640" /></a><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">The </span><b style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">water-cement ratio</b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of </span><span style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">cement</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> used in a </span><span style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">concrete</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> mix and has an important influence on the quality of concrete produced. A lower water-cement ratio leads to higher strength and durability but may make the mix more difficult to place. Placement difficulties can be resolved by using </span><span style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">plasticizers</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;"> or </span><span style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">super-plasticizers</span></span><br /> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Concrete hardens as a result of the chemical reaction between cement and water (known as <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">hydration</span>, this produces heat and is called the heat of hydration). For every pound (or kilogram or any unit of weight) of cement, about 0.25 pounds (or 0.25 kg or corresponding unit) of water is needed to fully complete the hydration reactions. This requires a water-cement ratio of 1:4 often given as a proportion: 0.25. However, a mix with a w/c ratio of 0.25 may not mix thoroughly, and may not flow well enough to be placed, so more water is used than is technically necessary to react with the cement. More typical water-cement ratios of 0.4 to 0.6 are used. For higher-strength concrete, lower water:cement ratios are used, along with a plasticizer to increase flowability.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Too much water will result in <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">segregation of the sand and aggregate components from the cement paste</span>. Also, water that is not consumed by the hydration reaction may leave the concrete as it hardens, resulting in microscopic pores(bleeding) that will reduce the final strength of the concrete. A mix with too much water will experience more shrinkage as the excess water leaves, resulting in internal cracks and visible fractures (particularly around inside corners) which again will reduce the final strength.</span></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <a href="http://imgur.com/fPzhjLt" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/fPzhjLt.jpg" title="source: imgur.com" /></a><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /> <span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">The 1997 <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Uniform Building Code</span> specifies a maximum 0.50 water-to-cement ratio (1:2) when concrete is exposed to freezing and thawing in a moist condition or to de-icing chemicals, and a maximum 0.45 water to cement ratio for concrete in severe or very severe sulfate conditions.</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /></div> </div> </div> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://imgur.com/3sSl655"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/3sSl655.gif" title="source: imgur.com" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /></div> <a href="http://imgur.com/jLUX0Pr"><img height="392" src="http://i.imgur.com/jLUX0Pr.png" title="source: imgur.com" width="640" /></a><br /> <br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Slump relation with concrete strength.</span></h3> <div> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> </div> <a href="http://imgur.com/5bgRqVk"><img src="http://i.imgur.com/5bgRqVk.jpg" title="source: imgur.com" /></a></div>

ওয়াটার সিমেন্ট রেশিও থেকে স্লাম্প টেস্টের মান

The  water-cement ratio  is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of  cement  used in a  concrete  mix and has an important in...

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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (General Technical Specification)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="http://imgur.com/Jkotd8D" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (General Technical Specification)" height="266" src="http://i.imgur.com/Jkotd8Dl.jpg" title="source: imgur.com" width="400" /></a><br /><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">General<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This specification shall apply to structural steel work. For technological structures, additional stipulations shall be considered as per technical requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Design considerations<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">General<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Structures shall be designed such that they are economical and safe and meet the functional and service requirement of the technological process for which they are designed. The architectural planning of the building shall be based on technological requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The structures shall be designed conforming to the relevant safety regulations, Factory Acts, Electricity Rules and stipulations of statutory bodies as applicable to the project.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Natural ventilation shall be provided ensuring that it does not permit rain water entry into the building. Scope of natural lighting shall be used to the maximum possible extent.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mild steel gutters and down-pipes with gutter outlets having grating cover shall be provided to carry rain water from roofs of buildings to the drainage system at ground level. All gutters shall be designed as walkable with 600 mm sole width.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Adequate facilities in the form of monorails, hoists, platforms etc. shall be provided to facilitate repair and maintenance of overhead cranes, equipment, etc. Access to these platforms shall be provided by stairs / ladders from the nearest accessible floor or platform.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Access to all floors, gangways and landings shall be by staircases. Access to platforms and landing of secondary importance or where such access is used only rarely, shall be by vertical ladders with safety hoops.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Roofs with access shall be provided with safety handrails along the periphery of the roof.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Edges of floors, gangways, stairs and landings shall be provided with safety hand railings.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">At gable ends of buildings, platforms shall be provided connecting the walkways at crane gantry level.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Floors, gangways and landings shall be covered as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a) Gangways and landings shall have chequered plate with a minimum thickness of 6mm o/p suitably stiffened to meet design load requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">b) Floors and operating platforms other than the above shall have chequered plate flooring or hot dip galvanised open gratings, or RCC slab resting on steel structural framework, to suit the technological requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Protective metal heat shields shall be provided for steel structures exposed to continuous heat radiation of temperature exceeding 150 °C and also where hot metal splashing on structures is likely to occur.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All buildings and their foundations shall be designed so that it shall be possible to extend them in the longitudinal direction at a later date without further strengthening of gable structures. Provision for transverse extension, if any, shall also be made at the initial stage.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sheeting on sides and gables shall generally terminate 3.0 m above ground floor level unless required to be otherwise. Sides below this level shall be generally screened by brick walls allowing sufficient air inlet to achieve natural ventilation, unless otherwise required from technological / ventilation requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Connection by permanent bolts to structural elements subject to vibration shall be provided with lock nuts.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For Analysis/ design of steel structural frame work STAAD PRO software shall be used. </span></div></div></div>

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (General Technical Specification)

General This specification shall apply to structural steel work. For technological structures, additional stipulations shall be considered a...

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SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS OF BEAMS OF DIFFERENT SUPPORT CONDITIONS AND DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">1. Simple Beam – Uniformly Distributed Load</b><br /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9TJQpNm-i4aT3Z4x6wEJNsr4LIab0UEsIKlzoXPtZCg27zaz60CkNIpSsM-Ai4LzeM-q1BpPqwWk1uuFcjCCEc7zBPK1vIxykgNawGqS8PPXoStZ4N16sKejqNnMQTqOYMnUKQfgwKL4W/s1600/1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #888888; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9TJQpNm-i4aT3Z4x6wEJNsr4LIab0UEsIKlzoXPtZCg27zaz60CkNIpSsM-Ai4LzeM-q1BpPqwWk1uuFcjCCEc7zBPK1vIxykgNawGqS8PPXoStZ4N16sKejqNnMQTqOYMnUKQfgwKL4W/s1600/1.bmp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">2. Simple Beam – Uniform Load Partially Distributed</b><br /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaLCaohze1uc1rxRM9JJCSgYlRoVC9Xq8jZU2969hZBmt1lctv2pZxxWA-wu-276xBkcPefbTZfsaxXW24ooSWg0h4uIRzt7JuEh1HUyqQcVS3SBJ1B_Podm70_k5oJoGvc0DUSTPKNywx/s1600/2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #888888; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaLCaohze1uc1rxRM9JJCSgYlRoVC9Xq8jZU2969hZBmt1lctv2pZxxWA-wu-276xBkcPefbTZfsaxXW24ooSWg0h4uIRzt7JuEh1HUyqQcVS3SBJ1B_Podm70_k5oJoGvc0DUSTPKNywx/s1600/2.bmp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">3. Simple Beam – Uniform Load Partially Distributed at One End</b><br /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiho5u48nFbToz_xnoWjN43RJGWcaxSqpNxsgGZ1dTRlyvLC2K7TeeeWSGUlG3o7g1DMgMIv2zc3NBK3FRP4G9W3ANoQOc18qZURjv_V43Vk4xLvLd_nyBMY26Lh7KpslRV-8mWre90kzfc/s1600/3.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #888888; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiho5u48nFbToz_xnoWjN43RJGWcaxSqpNxsgGZ1dTRlyvLC2K7TeeeWSGUlG3o7g1DMgMIv2zc3NBK3FRP4G9W3ANoQOc18qZURjv_V43Vk4xLvLd_nyBMY26Lh7KpslRV-8mWre90kzfc/s1600/3.bmp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">4. Simple Beam – Uniform Load Partially Distributed at Each End</b><br /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsNHwu5rCGQjzRxu1hug_zVYI9F_6amHQnG79iwPHmUla-pMBmnTiMUzVazFKQZ-qHv5CS45hCZqNQ2fUBPAk0G_6IFvh_WCnfOIssEb7OVakBgciQAYwCVZ6Pld018IEqk3_lFHqzBeY_/s1600/4.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsNHwu5rCGQjzRxu1hug_zVYI9F_6amHQnG79iwPHmUla-pMBmnTiMUzVazFKQZ-qHv5CS45hCZqNQ2fUBPAk0G_6IFvh_WCnfOIssEb7OVakBgciQAYwCVZ6Pld018IEqk3_lFHqzBeY_/s1600/4.bmp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">5. Simple Beam – Load Increasing Uniformly to One End</b><br /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3PHBuqj-9zdHvfzYGZx4Pv_3GD56Hyw22jvbwDIP0gCcwCLnZJui1mQ8e_vMNzDDHMJ1pWg7kj_e7Yms_cXFsjAV7oenC5WuRYkoEyGhCEI9_VFPp_IqM3V5ZAzVbz_5jjykU0HkAZxFJ/s1600/5.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3PHBuqj-9zdHvfzYGZx4Pv_3GD56Hyw22jvbwDIP0gCcwCLnZJui1mQ8e_vMNzDDHMJ1pWg7kj_e7Yms_cXFsjAV7oenC5WuRYkoEyGhCEI9_VFPp_IqM3V5ZAzVbz_5jjykU0HkAZxFJ/s1600/5.bmp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">6. Simple Beam – Load Increasing Uniformly to Center</b><br /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV9nLcFqvopjcXQk5lWk5dElRTBFqWphs8-0ekiQNCM50S8uQBOoZSA8W7DAQlJYgys2HRrDTsLOCBa8gWKtns8NATlRNNnlM5ogXKbUhYdRImWg3HVemAXhj65PpbNgPdxGKZpZyk4iRj/s1600/6.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV9nLcFqvopjcXQk5lWk5dElRTBFqWphs8-0ekiQNCM50S8uQBOoZSA8W7DAQlJYgys2HRrDTsLOCBa8gWKtns8NATlRNNnlM5ogXKbUhYdRImWg3HVemAXhj65PpbNgPdxGKZpZyk4iRj/s1600/6.bmp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">7. Simple Beam – Concentrated Load at Center</b><br /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjclOH0lESPqm5X3ZBhOzbaWWGIn9bEVhGnQjDVYdue7eEb2NVVLHKvtanorVEzlwFZlV0Ni8n1EQgCBMMA5JYZARA-aIa0mu3vOxjOX4TO9OyU_E1G1fWQ4SZ2nX_uEF58V-hBAdrzR1qD/s1600/7.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjclOH0lESPqm5X3ZBhOzbaWWGIn9bEVhGnQjDVYdue7eEb2NVVLHKvtanorVEzlwFZlV0Ni8n1EQgCBMMA5JYZARA-aIa0mu3vOxjOX4TO9OyU_E1G1fWQ4SZ2nX_uEF58V-hBAdrzR1qD/s1600/7.bmp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">8.Simple Beam – Concentrated Load at Any Point</b><br /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1w3omqaFX_f2OKYjQFwP7KlBknQlEFG1c88nrZFnXtAsCyn228NrbZLEpBcmWb4wlx6h2Q4hrsGMzm_Hz4buwjh3OFnnoDdZ8ghgteygZWSDP4i-swI1JBL2UjsLqXiKdry-_D1UQyh6z/s1600/8.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1w3omqaFX_f2OKYjQFwP7KlBknQlEFG1c88nrZFnXtAsCyn228NrbZLEpBcmWb4wlx6h2Q4hrsGMzm_Hz4buwjh3OFnnoDdZ8ghgteygZWSDP4i-swI1JBL2UjsLqXiKdry-_D1UQyh6z/s1600/8.bmp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">9. Simple Beam – Two Equal Concentrated Loads Symmetrically Placed</b><br /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFGUD5V4WN6lfHRCnXQOsY9yPczXWiHyoe7NpA3f9PNhyBogZuFXMf59HwSZWFl3imG4hLhhcBvbi-nDrJJM4_kiX4MKhTuHPNGRlv448mxUszFZc1vXlIDxzt3ly9gSV97NCVMcmlS10u/s1600/9.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="color: #888888; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFGUD5V4WN6lfHRCnXQOsY9yPczXWiHyoe7NpA3f9PNhyBogZuFXMf59HwSZWFl3imG4hLhhcBvbi-nDrJJM4_kiX4MKhTuHPNGRlv448mxUszFZc1vXlIDxzt3ly9gSV97NCVMcmlS10u/s1600/9.bmp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">10. Simple Beam – Two Equal Concentrated Loads Unsymmetrically</b><br style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">Placed</b><br /><b style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"><br /></b><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1999998092651px; line-height: 18.4799995422363px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKwWLCLUZw2s8j0KHYW4Mq1ZdnY3EzBj1vKjRJOxj0eE7HJnB4vwCGjspBGnqGOUK-ojNjhOtrBxItpKbOgEFMwsVexJRPb_dZwN1eEKmmGNXDIsprQRvieY2mT3qviA58I1ewQxAmd6rF/s1600/10.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="color: #33aaff; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKwWLCLUZw2s8j0KHYW4Mq1ZdnY3EzBj1vKjRJOxj0eE7HJnB4vwCGjspBGnqGOUK-ojNjhOtrBxItpKbOgEFMwsVexJRPb_dZwN1eEKmmGNXDIsprQRvieY2mT3qviA58I1ewQxAmd6rF/s1600/10.bmp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0980392) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px; position: relative;" width="640" /></a></div></div>

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS OF BEAMS OF DIFFERENT SUPPORT CONDITIONS AND DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS

1. Simple Beam – Uniformly Distributed Load 2. Simple Beam – Uniform Load Partially Distributed 3. Simple Beam – Uniform Load Partially Dist...

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সহজেই পিডিএফ থেকে পাসওয়ার্ড রিমুভ করুন

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="step-container " style="background: url(http://www.instructables.com/static/img/instructable/step-divider.png) 50% 100% no-repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #555555; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 30px; padding-bottom: 26px;"> <div class="photoset" data-entry-id="SG1H1YUHIUX7FHA" data-entry-url="/id/How-to-Remove-PDF-Password-Security-PrintEditCo/" id="photoset-SG1H1YUHIUX7FHA" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.207843); margin-bottom: 35px; min-height: 109px; padding: 20px 0px; position: relative;"> <div class="row" style="margin: 0px auto; overflow: visible; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 600px;"> <a class="photoset-link" data-fancybox-group="photoset-gallery-SG1H1YUHIUX7FHA" data-fancybox-href="http://cdn.instructables.com/FBS/4PPR/HIUX7FHK/FBS4PPRHIUX7FHK.LARGE.jpg" data-href="/file/FBS4PPRHIUX7FHK" data-notes="" href="http://cdn.instructables.com/FBS/4PPR/HIUX7FHK/FBS4PPRHIUX7FHK.LARGE.jpg" id="photoset-link-F6IQ2L5HXMKXYW3-0" style="color: #ff5200; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin-left: 0px !important; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top; zoom: 1;"></a><br /> <div class="photo-container" style="overflow: hidden; width: 500px;"> <a class="photoset-link" data-fancybox-group="photoset-gallery-SG1H1YUHIUX7FHA" data-fancybox-href="http://cdn.instructables.com/FBS/4PPR/HIUX7FHK/FBS4PPRHIUX7FHK.LARGE.jpg" data-href="/file/FBS4PPRHIUX7FHK" data-notes="" href="http://cdn.instructables.com/FBS/4PPR/HIUX7FHK/FBS4PPRHIUX7FHK.LARGE.jpg" id="photoset-link-F6IQ2L5HXMKXYW3-0" style="color: #ff5200; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin-left: 0px !important; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top; zoom: 1;"><img alt="Picture of How to Remove PDF Password Security (Print/Edit/Copy) In Three Easy Steps" class="photoset-photo id_FBS4PPRHIUX7FHK photo" data-notes="" height="268" src="http://cdn.instructables.com/FBS/4PPR/HIUX7FHK/FBS4PPRHIUX7FHK.MEDIUM.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 500px;" width="640" /></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="txt step-body" style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px; word-wrap: break-word;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 3px;"> This instructable will tell you how to remove PDF password security and print, edit, copy, and extract a restricted PDF file.</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 3px;"> <br /> PDF is a file format that is universally used because it can be opened using a number of different programs. Typically an individual does not have to download a special program in order to open up a PDF. This makes it an ideal file for an individual to use to send information. Depending on who you ask the fact that you can apply restrictions on PDF files that prevent people from being able to print, edit, and copy the file can be both a good and bad thing. What if you forget the password or are not able to gain access to the password? They may be a lot of reasons why you need to print, copy, or edit a PDF file and are not able to because you do not have the password.</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 3px;"> <br /> Fortunately, receiving and opening a PDF file with a password restriction and not knowing what the password is not as earth shattering of a situation as you may think. This is because there is a program called PDF Password Remover that was designed to remove PDF password. The best part is that learning how to remove PDF password security restrictions on printing, editing, and copying a PDF file is something that can be accomplished in just three quick and easy steps.</div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 3px;"> Note: Trial version of this program has some limitations compared to the full licensed version. I would also like to declare that I'm unaffiliated with the company, it means that I will not receive any commission if you buy this program.</div> </div> <div class="richEmbedFiles ible-files" style="margin-top: 40px;"> </div> <div class="attachments ible-files" style="margin-top: 40px;"> </div> </div> <div class="step-container " style="background: url(http://www.instructables.com/static/img/instructable/step-divider.png) 50% 100% no-repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #555555; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 30px; padding-bottom: 26px;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="stepanchor-step1" style="color: #ff5200; cursor: pointer;"></a><br /> <h2 class="step-title" style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 22px; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"> Step 1: Download, Install, and Execute the Program</h2> <div class="txt step-body" style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px; word-wrap: break-word;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 3px;"> First, you need to <strong><a href="http://goo.gl/tBiu1G" rel="nofollow" style="color: #ff5200; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">download</a> </strong>and install the program called PDF Password Remover. You can also download both Windows and Mac version from this page: <a href="http://www.mypdfsolutions.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #ff5200; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">http://www.mypdfsolutions.com/</a> and follow the installation wizard to install it to your computer. It shouldn't take too long to download and install. Once the program has installed onto your computer you just have execute the program and wait for it to launch.</div> </div> <div class="richEmbedFiles ible-files" style="margin-top: 40px;"> </div> <div class="attachments ible-files" style="margin-top: 40px;"> </div> </div> <div class="step-container " style="background: url(http://www.instructables.com/static/img/instructable/step-divider.png) 50% 100% no-repeat rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #555555; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 30px; padding-bottom: 26px;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="stepanchor-step2" style="color: #ff5200; cursor: pointer;"></a><br /> <h2 class="step-title" style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 22px; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"> Step 2: Import the Password Protected PDF Files</h2> <div class="photoset" data-entry-id="ST565DBHIUX7FHD" data-entry-url="/id/How-to-Remove-PDF-Password-Security-PrintEditCo/step2/Import-the-Password-Protected-PDF-Files/" id="photoset-ST565DBHIUX7FHD" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.207843); margin-bottom: 35px; min-height: 109px; padding: 20px 0px; position: relative;"> <div class="row" style="margin: 0px auto; overflow: visible; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 600px;"> <a class="photoset-link" data-fancybox-group="photoset-gallery-ST565DBHIUX7FHD" data-fancybox-href="http://cdn.instructables.com/FT7/RXUO/HIUX7FHM/FT7RXUOHIUX7FHM.LARGE.jpg" data-href="/file/FT7RXUOHIUX7FHM" data-notes="" href="http://cdn.instructables.com/FT7/RXUO/HIUX7FHM/FT7RXUOHIUX7FHM.LARGE.jpg" id="photoset-link-FAMXIWTHXMKXYW5-0" style="color: #ff5200; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin-left: 0px !important; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top; zoom: 1;"></a><br /> <div class="photo-container" style="overflow: hidden; width: 600px;"> <a class="photoset-link" data-fancybox-group="photoset-gallery-ST565DBHIUX7FHD" data-fancybox-href="http://cdn.instructables.com/FT7/RXUO/HIUX7FHM/FT7RXUOHIUX7FHM.LARGE.jpg" data-href="/file/FT7RXUOHIUX7FHM" data-notes="" href="http://cdn.instructables.com/FT7/RXUO/HIUX7FHM/FT7RXUOHIUX7FHM.LARGE.jpg" id="photoset-link-FAMXIWTHXMKXYW5-0" style="color: #ff5200; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin-left: 0px !important; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top; zoom: 1;"><img alt="Picture of Import the Password Protected PDF Files" class="photoset-photo id_FT7RXUOHIUX7FHM " data-notes="" src="http://cdn.instructables.com/FT7/RXUO/HIUX7FHM/FT7RXUOHIUX7FHM.MEDIUM.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;" /></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="txt step-body" style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px; word-wrap: break-word;"> The cool thing about this program is that it is capable of removing the PDF password security that restricts the ability to print, copy, and edit the document on more than one file at the same time. First, you will need to click the button labeled <strong>"Add Files"</strong>. You can find this button located near the top of the user interface. Then, you will browse your computer and select the files you want to import and click OK.<br /> <br /> This program's interface is also drag and drop ready. This means that you also have the option of finding the documents on your computer and dragging them over to the program in order to import. If you have a lot of files on your computer the drag and drop feature may be an easier option.</div> <div class="richEmbedFiles ible-files" style="margin-top: 40px;"> </div> <div class="attachments ible-files" style="margin-top: 40px;"> </div> </div> <div class="step-container last" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #555555; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 26px; padding-bottom: 0px;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="stepanchor-step3" style="color: #ff5200; cursor: pointer;"></a><br /> <h2 class="step-title" style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 22px; margin: 12px 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;"> Step 3: Set the Designated Folder and Confirm</h2> <div class="photoset" data-entry-id="SEXNAPJHIUX7FHJ" data-entry-url="/id/How-to-Remove-PDF-Password-Security-PrintEditCo/step3/Set-the-Designated-Folder-and-Confirm/" id="photoset-SEXNAPJHIUX7FHJ" style="background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.207843); margin-bottom: 35px; min-height: 109px; padding: 20px 0px; position: relative;"> <div class="row" style="margin: 0px auto; overflow: visible; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 600px;"> <a class="photoset-link" data-fancybox-group="photoset-gallery-SEXNAPJHIUX7FHJ" data-fancybox-href="http://cdn.instructables.com/FHU/7QDI/HIUX7FI8/FHU7QDIHIUX7FI8.LARGE.jpg" data-href="/file/FHU7QDIHIUX7FI8" data-notes="" href="http://cdn.instructables.com/FHU/7QDI/HIUX7FI8/FHU7QDIHIUX7FI8.LARGE.jpg" id="photoset-link-FQT5EA1HXMKXYW7-0" style="color: #ff5200; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin-left: 0px !important; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top; zoom: 1;"></a><br /> <div class="photo-container" style="overflow: hidden; width: 600px;"> <a class="photoset-link" data-fancybox-group="photoset-gallery-SEXNAPJHIUX7FHJ" data-fancybox-href="http://cdn.instructables.com/FHU/7QDI/HIUX7FI8/FHU7QDIHIUX7FI8.LARGE.jpg" data-href="/file/FHU7QDIHIUX7FI8" data-notes="" href="http://cdn.instructables.com/FHU/7QDI/HIUX7FI8/FHU7QDIHIUX7FI8.LARGE.jpg" id="photoset-link-FQT5EA1HXMKXYW7-0" style="color: #ff5200; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; margin-left: 0px !important; position: relative; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: top; zoom: 1;"><img alt="Picture of Set the Designated Folder and Confirm" class="photoset-photo id_FHU7QDIHIUX7FI8 " data-notes="" src="http://cdn.instructables.com/FHU/7QDI/HIUX7FI8/FHU7QDIHIUX7FI8.MEDIUM.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;" /></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="txt step-body" style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 20px; word-wrap: break-word;"> Finally, you are going to need to set the designated folder. This is where you want the file to be saved once the program has successfully removed the password. Once you have selected the designated folder, you are going to be ready to let the program unlock your PDF file. All you have to do is click the button labeled <strong>"Start"</strong>. You can find this button near the bottom of the interface. After you click the button, the program is going to unlock the PDF file by removing the password. Then, it will save the new unlocked file in the designated folder. Finally, you will be able to open the file and should be able to print, copy, and edit it without needing a password. You can also use this program to remove <strong>known user password </strong>from a PDF document. </div> </div> </div>

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This instructable will tell you how to remove PDF password security and print, edit, copy, and extract a restricted PDF file. ...

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